UNIT 1: THIS WORLD

The world is the planet Earth and all life on it, including human civilization. In a philosophical context, the "world" is the whole of the physical Universe, or an ontological world (the "world" of an individual). In a theological context, the world is the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred spheres. End of the world" scenarios refer to the end of human history, often in religious contexts.

A continue a video to reflection about the world.

VIDEO REFLECTION

CONTENT 1.1 

THE WEATHER 

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the atmosphere, the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. On Earth, the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storm.

Effect on humans

Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, the effect it has on humans in different situations, etc. Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about.

Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification:

• Acid rain, caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, adversely affects freshwater lakes, vegetation, and structures.

• Anthropological pollutants reduce air quality and visibility.

• Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms

• Heat, generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather, even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometers.

This is a video that the people have the control about the weather and modifications:

CONTENT 1.2

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or thing from a point A to a Point B. Modes of transport include air, land, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION MEANS 

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

CONTENT 1.3

TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS

News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events.

Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, fashion, and entertainment, as well as athletic events, quirky or unusual events. Government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, and criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times.

TYPES OF NEWS

• Breaking news

This is hard news: the stuff that no one expects to happen, that everyone has to spring into action to cover.

• Basic hard news

Divided into all kinds of categories, political, business/economic, sports, arts, international, etc. This is more news that is general, of the kind, that we know is going to happen and we can plan around.

• New Features

Therefore, the hard news was that the economy added 300,000 jobs last month. The news feature is the article that puts that in some kind of context or makes us think about it in a different way.

• Lifestyle/entertainment articles

Pretty self-explanatory, and I would argue not really “news” in the true sense of the word, but heck, they still end up in newspapers and broadcasts because people still care about learning what happens to their favorite celebrities!

• Profiles

Instead of focusing on an event, the catalyst for the news article is the individual.

• Investigative News

The central idea is that the stories being told involve something that disadvantages or harms ordinary citizens, and that the rest of us would have struggled to find out what was really happening without the access to sources and information that journalists have.

CONTENT 1.4
LEXICAL SETS

A lexical set is a group of words that all fall under a single category based on some shared phonological feature.

Example:

Cat, dog, tortoise, goldfish, gerbil' is part of the topical lexical set pets, and 'quickly, happily, completely, dramatically, angrily' is part of the syntactic lexical set adverbs.

In the classroom:

Lexical sets are a way of looking at new vocabulary that some learners find useful. 

Activities include asking learners to sort words into groups, word games such as the chaining game 'I went to the market and bought, Odd One Out, and Stop, and class poster projects. A lexical set serves to learn or reinforce vocabulary and help the students to understand the interrelationships between words, it is therefore important to implement appropriate strategies to work in the development and reinforcement of the meaning of the word throughout the work unit.

Uses of lexical sets

•      Various linguistics tasks.

•      Conversational or languages models applied as artificial intelligence.

•      Scientific observation of use human language.

STANDARD LEXICAL SETS

To finalize a video for your best understanding

CONTENT 1.5

COLLOCATIONS

What is a collocation?

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". 

TYPES OF COLLOCATIONS

Why learn collocations?

•      Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.

•      You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.

•      It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

This video will be help us about the use of collocations

UNIT 3: DREAM WORLD

UNIT 3

DREAM WORLD

A pleasant situation that exists only in your imagination.

CONTENT 3.1 WORKS AND JOBS

DEFINITION ABOUT JOB

     A job is a regular and official activity that you do and receive money (a salary) for your activity. It is also called a profession or an occupation. You can have a full-time job (40 hours per week) or a part-time job (around 25 hours per week).

     To find a job, you can check the job listings online or in the newspaper – these are small advertisements about job openings (job opportunities). The process of trying to get a specific job – when you send your resume or CV to a company – is called applying for a job.

DEFINITION ABOUT WORK

The word work is more general than “job” – whereas “job” is a specific occupation/profession, “work” refers to general efforts and activities done to accomplish a goal. “Work” can be done both inside an official job and outside a job. The word work also refers to the context of your place of employment – so we can say.

·         You can say you work at / for (a company)

·         You can say you’re working on (a project / task)

·         You can say you work with (people / objects)

CONTENT 3.2

WORKING CONDITIONS

The conditions in which an individual or staff works, including but not limited to such things as amenities, physical environment, stress and noise levels, degree of safety or danger, and the like.

Working conditions are at the core of paid work and employment relationships. Working conditions cover a broad range of topics and issues, from working time (hours of work, rest periods, and work schedules) to remuneration, as well as the physical conditions and mental demands that exist in the workplace.

Use 'working conditions' in a Sentence

1.

The workers at the mill are on strike for the month due to poor wages, working conditions, health care, hours, benefits, and vacation time.

2.

Darren's working conditions were getting to be quite severe, as the tractor he road regularly lost its brakes and accelerated into neighboring fields.

3.

Because the factory owner refused to let his employees take the day off when the air conditioning broke down, they faced dangerous working conditions in the summer heat.

CONTENT 3.3

DREAMS AND AMBITIONS

DEFINITION ABOUT DREAMS

A dream is a succession of

 Images, ideas, emotions,

and sensations that usually 

occur involuntarily in the 

mind during certain stages 

of sleep.The content and purpose

 of dreams are not fully 

understood, although they

 have been a topic of 

scientific, philosophical 

and religious interest

 throughout recorded history. 

Dream interpretation is the 

attempt at drawing meaning 

from dreams and searching for an

underlying message. The scientific study of dreams is called neurology.

Opinions about the meaning of dreams have varied and shifted through time and culture. Many endorse the Freudian theory of dreams – that dreams reveal insight into hidden desires and emotions. Other prominent theories include those suggesting that dreams assist in memory formation, problem solving, or simply are a product of random brain activation.

DEFINITION ABOUT AMBITIONS

The desire to achieve something, or to succeed, accompanied with motivation, determination and an internal drive.

Ambition describes those that achieve success based on their inner desire to do so and their belief in themselves. Ambition in itself may not be a key to success. Successful, ambitious people need both energy and goals to succeed. Someone with plenty of energy but no goals may find themselves pursuing one opportunity after another without success, wondering what it is that they are wanting out of life. Someone with goals but no energy may find themselves wanting to achieve success, but too complacent to do the work to go about pursuing their goals.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DREAMS AND AMBITIONS

A dream usually speaks to us of a desire for something internal, being a word that comes from aspiring, that is to say, bringing air into the interior or in a slightly more poetic sense of ingesting or assimilating spirit. Unlike this, ambition carries the idea in its meaning of going to look, of going out to get something.

The ambition to succeed in the world to receive material goods or the approval of others is nothing more than a great distraction that could have the consequence of making us repeat the same habits and make us have a bad time while, like who has to repeat the same Course two or three times.

CONTENT 3.4

COMMON VERBS AND COLLOCATIONS

This is a video about COMMON VERBS

COLLOCATIONS

What is a collocation?

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". 

TYPES OF COLLOCATIONS

There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. 

Why learn collocations?

•      Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.

•      You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.

•      It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

This video will be help us about the use of collocations

CONTENT 3.5

DESCRIBING PLACES

TO STAR I PRESENT A VIDEO ABOUT THIS  TOPIC

When you’re describing a place or a person, think about the specificity of the describing words you choose. You could say, ‘The man was short’ yet readers might ask themselves ‘how short?’ If you said ‘the man was minute’, this suggests not only that the character is especially small in size but also registers a sense of surprise or shock (given the strength of the descriptive word).

One way to get the most out of adjectives is to look up their etymologies. The origins of words often explain additional connotations that we’re maybe dimly aware of but don’t think about. For example, ‘short’ (from Old English via Old High German) means ‘to cut’, with the notion of something cut off. ‘Minute’ (from Latin minutes) means ‘chopped small’. Already a much more visceral image – one of little pieces – underlies this more expressive describing word.

UNIT 2 : NEW WORLD

UNIT 2

NEW WORLD

CONTENT 1.1 

FOOD AND DRINK

WHAT IS FOOD? 

Food is any substance. Consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.

WHAT IS DRINK?

    A drink (or beverage) is a liquid intended for human consumption. In addition to their basic function of satisfying thirst, drinks play important roles in human culture. Common types of drinks include plain drinking water, milk, coffee, tea, hot chocolate, juice and soft drinks. In addition, alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, and liquor, which contain the drug ethanol, have been part of human culture for more than 8,000 years.

TYPES OF DRINK

·         Non-alcoholic drinks: A non-alcoholic drink is one that contains 

little or no alcohol.

·      Water: Water is the world's most consumed drink, however, 

97% of water on Earth is non-drinkable saltwater. Fresh water is 

found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, and frozen glaciers.

·       Milk: Regarded as one of the "original" drinks, milk is the 

primary source of nutrition for babies. In many cultures of the 

world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume

 dairy milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals 

(especially cattle, goats and sheep) as a drink.

·       Soft drinks: Carbonated drinks refer to drinks which have 

      carbon dioxide dissolved into them.

·       Juice and juice drinks: Fruit juice is a natural product that 

    contains few or no additives.

    Song about Food and Drinks.

CONTENT 2.2

TALKING ABOUT FOOD

   Some foods not from animal or plant sources include various edible fungi, especially mushrooms. Fungi and ambient bacteria are used in the preparation of fermented and pickled foods like leavened bread, alcoholic drinks, cheese, pickles, kombucha, and yogurt. Another example is blue-green algae such as Spirulina. Inorganic substances such as salt, baking soda and cream of tartar are used to preserve or chemically alter an ingredient.

CLASSIFICATIONS AND TYPES OF FOOD

·         Adulterated food: Adulteration is a legal term meaning 

that a food product fails to meet the legal standards.

·         Camping food: Camping food includes ingredients used 

to prepare food suitable for back-country camping 

and backpacking

·         Diet food: (or "dietetic food") refers to any food or beverage whose recipe is altered to reduce fat, carbohydrates, abhor/adhere sugar in order to make it part of a weight loss program or diet. Such foods are usually intended to assist in weight loss or a change in body type, although bodybuilding supplements are designed to aid in gaining weight or muscle.

·         Finger food: Finger food is food meant to be eaten directly using the hands, in contrast to food eaten with a knife and fork, spoon, chopsticks, or other utensils

·         Fresh food: Fresh food is food which has not been preserved and has not spoiled yet. For vegetables and fruits, this means that they have been recently harvested and treated properly post-harvest; for meat, it has recently been slaughtered and butchered; for fish, it has been recently caught or harvested and kept cold.

·         Frozen food: Freezing food preserves

 it from the time it is prepared to the time it

 is eaten. Since early times, 

farmers, fishermen, and trappers 

have preserved grains and produce 

in unheated buildings during the winter 

season.

·         Functional food: A functional food is 

a food given an additional function (often 

one related to health-promotion or 

disease prevention) by adding new 

ingredients or more of existing ingredients.

·         Healthy food: A healthy diet is a diet 

that helps to maintain or improve overall 

health. A healthy diet provides the body 

with essential nutrition: fluid, macro-nutrients, micro-nutrients, and adequate calories.

·         Live food: Live food is living food for carnivorous or omnivorous animals kept in captivity; in other words, small animals such as insects or mice fed to larger carnivorous or omnivorous species kept in either in a zoo or as pet.

·         Medical food: Medical foods are foods that are specially formulated and intended for the dietary management of a disease that has distinctive nutritional needs that cannot be met by normal diet alone.

·         Natural foods: Natural foods and "all-natural foods" are widely used terms in food labeling and marketing with a variety of definitions, most of which are vague.

CONTENT 2.3

TECHNOLOGY

    Technology is the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. Systems applying technology by taking an input, changing it according to the system's use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technological systems.

Technology future

CONTENT 2.4

ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE GADGETS 

Adjectives: are words we use to describe other words.

Gadget: a small mechanical / electrical device or tool.

Here you have some adjectives for describing gadgets.

•     Compact = it is small.
•     Versatile = it can do lots of different things.
•     Expensive = it costs a lot of money.
•     Useful = it is something that can help you.
•     Portable: it is easy to carry.
•     Powerful = it can store a lot of Information
•     User-friendly = it is easy to use
•     Attractive = it looks good.
•       Lates = the most fashionable ideas or style
•     Various = many different kinds.

LINK: The best Gadgets

CONTENT 2.5

PARTS OF A COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic machine that processes data. Information given to the computer is called data. Computer works very fast. It saves your time and energy. It does not make mistakes. It can remember a lot of things. The basic parts of a computer are shown in the picture given here.

·         Compact disc: It stores information many times more than a floppy disk

·         CPU: The processing device in a computer.

·         Data: It is the information given to the computer.

·         Electronic machine: It is the machine that runs with the help of electricity.

·         Floppy disk: It stores a small amount of information.

·         Hard disk: It stores a large amount of information.

·         Headphones: The device for listening to the 

      recorded sounds without disturbing others.

·         Input devices: These help us put date into the computer.

·         Joystick: It is used for playing computer games.

·         Keyboard: This is used to enter data into the 

      computer system.

·         Microphone: It is used for recording sound.

·         Monitor: It shows whatever you type on the keyboard

      or draw with the mouse.

·         Mouse: It is pointing device.

·         Output devices: These help us to show the results of processing.

·        Processing device: Helps to store, sort, arrange and change the inputs on a computer.

·     Scanner: It copies pictures and pages and turns into images that can be saved on a   computer.

·         Speakers: These are used for listening to recorded sound.

·         Storage devices: These are form the memory of the computer.

·         Wed camera: It is used for taking live photos and videos.

CONTENT 2.6

COMMUNICATION VERBS AND ADJECTIVES

  To be communicative is to have the ability to communicate — to exchange thoughts and ideas. Couples often go to counseling to learn to be more communicative. It is easy to see the verb communicate in the adjective communicative: a communicative person is one who can communicate easily. Being communicative is one of the qualities we most value in other people. There is nothing more frustrating than a person who is not communicative, because you cannot talk to them.