UNIT 1: THIS WORLD

The world is the planet Earth and all life on it, including human civilization. In a philosophical context, the "world" is the whole of the physical Universe, or an ontological world (the "world" of an individual). In a theological context, the world is the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred spheres. End of the world" scenarios refer to the end of human history, often in religious contexts.

A continue a video to reflection about the world.

VIDEO REFLECTION

CONTENT 1.1 

THE WEATHER 

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the atmosphere, the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. On Earth, the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storm.

Effect on humans

Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, the effect it has on humans in different situations, etc. Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about.

Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification:

• Acid rain, caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, adversely affects freshwater lakes, vegetation, and structures.

• Anthropological pollutants reduce air quality and visibility.

• Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms

• Heat, generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather, even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometers.

This is a video that the people have the control about the weather and modifications:

CONTENT 1.2

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or thing from a point A to a Point B. Modes of transport include air, land, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION MEANS 

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

CONTENT 1.3

TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS

News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events.

Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, fashion, and entertainment, as well as athletic events, quirky or unusual events. Government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, and criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times.

TYPES OF NEWS

• Breaking news

This is hard news: the stuff that no one expects to happen, that everyone has to spring into action to cover.

• Basic hard news

Divided into all kinds of categories, political, business/economic, sports, arts, international, etc. This is more news that is general, of the kind, that we know is going to happen and we can plan around.

• New Features

Therefore, the hard news was that the economy added 300,000 jobs last month. The news feature is the article that puts that in some kind of context or makes us think about it in a different way.

• Lifestyle/entertainment articles

Pretty self-explanatory, and I would argue not really “news” in the true sense of the word, but heck, they still end up in newspapers and broadcasts because people still care about learning what happens to their favorite celebrities!

• Profiles

Instead of focusing on an event, the catalyst for the news article is the individual.

• Investigative News

The central idea is that the stories being told involve something that disadvantages or harms ordinary citizens, and that the rest of us would have struggled to find out what was really happening without the access to sources and information that journalists have.

CONTENT 1.4
LEXICAL SETS

A lexical set is a group of words that all fall under a single category based on some shared phonological feature.

Example:

Cat, dog, tortoise, goldfish, gerbil' is part of the topical lexical set pets, and 'quickly, happily, completely, dramatically, angrily' is part of the syntactic lexical set adverbs.

In the classroom:

Lexical sets are a way of looking at new vocabulary that some learners find useful. 

Activities include asking learners to sort words into groups, word games such as the chaining game 'I went to the market and bought, Odd One Out, and Stop, and class poster projects. A lexical set serves to learn or reinforce vocabulary and help the students to understand the interrelationships between words, it is therefore important to implement appropriate strategies to work in the development and reinforcement of the meaning of the word throughout the work unit.

Uses of lexical sets

•      Various linguistics tasks.

•      Conversational or languages models applied as artificial intelligence.

•      Scientific observation of use human language.

STANDARD LEXICAL SETS

To finalize a video for your best understanding

CONTENT 1.5

COLLOCATIONS

What is a collocation?

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". 

TYPES OF COLLOCATIONS

Why learn collocations?

•      Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.

•      You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.

•      It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

This video will be help us about the use of collocations